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Environmental issues raise a host of difficult ethical questions, including the ancient one of the nature of intrinsic value. Whereas many philosophers in the past have agreed that human experiences have intrinsic value and the utilitarian at least have always accepted that the pleasures and pains of nonhuman animals are of some intrinsic significance, this does not show why it is so bad if dodos become extinct or a rain forest is cut down. Are these things to be regretted only because of the loss to humans or other sentient creatures? Or is there more to it than that? Some philosophers are now prepared to defend the view that trees, rivers, species (considered apart from the individual animals of which they consist), and perhaps ecological systems as a whole have a value independent of the instrumental value they may have for humans or other sentient creatures.
Our concern for the environment also raises the question of our obligations to future generations. How much do we owe to the future? From a social contract view of ethics or for the ethical egoist, the answer would seem to be: nothing. For we can benefit them, but they are unable to reciprocate. Most other ethical theories, however, do give weight to the interests of coming generations. Utilitarian, for one, would not think that the fact that members of future generations do not exist yet is any reason for giving less consideration to their interests than we give to our own, provided only that we are certain that they will exist and will have interests that will be affected by what we do. In the case of, say, the storage of radioactive wastes, it seems clear that what we do will indeed affect the interests of generations to come.
The question becomes much more complex, however, when we consider that we can affect the size of future generations by the population policies we choose and the extent to which we encourage large or small families. Most environmentalists believe that the world is already dangerously overcrowded. This may well be so, but the notion of overpopulation conceals a philosophical issue that is ingeniously explored by Derek Parfit in Reasons and Persons (1984). What is optimum population? Is it that population size at which the average level of welfare will be as high as possible? Or is it the size at which the total amount of welfare — the average multiplied by the number of people — is as great as possible? Both answers lead to counterintuitive outcomes, and the question remains one of the most baffling mysteries in applied ethics.
111. The first paragraph is mainly about _______________.
A. the intrinsic value of human experiences
B. the intrinsic value of the experiences of nonhuman animals
111. 答案：D。
解析：本题考查文章主旨。第一段中，第一句话点明环境问题引起了很多道德伦理问题，紧接着Whereas many philosophers in the past have agreed that human experiences have intrinsic value and the utilitarian at least have always accepted that the pleasures and pains of nonhuman animals are of some intrinsic significance, this does not show why it is so bad if dodos become extinct or a rain forest is cut down. 指出，虽然很多哲学家认为人类经验是具有内在固有的价值，而且功利论者至少认为非人类动物的快乐和痛苦具有某些内在价值，但是并不足以解释我们为什么认为…，ABC三项为D选项的补充说明，因此第一段主要探讨的是内在固有市场这个古老的伦理问题，故本题答案为D。
112.答案：B。
解析：本题考查事实细节。根据第二段From a social contract view of ethics or for the ethical egoist，the answer would seem to be nothing. 从社会契约道德角度来说，或者道德自我主义的角度出发，答案是什么都没有。故本题答案为B。
113.答案：C。
解析：本题考查事实细节。根据第三段The question becomes much more complex, however, when we consider that we can affect the size of future generations by the population policies we choose and the extent to which we encourage large or small families. 但是当我们考虑到，我们所采取的人口和家庭政策，将会影响到下一代的人口数量，问题就变得复杂了。故本题答案为C。
114. 答案：C。
解析：本题考查推理判断。文章最后一段提出What is optimum population? 继而在最后指出Both answers lead to counterintuitive outcomes, and the question remains one of the most baffling mysteries in applied ethics. 两个答案都会导致违反直觉的结果，而且这个问题成为应用道德中最令人费解的一个谜。因此，optimum population只能是留给未来解决的哲学难题。故本题答案为C。
115. 答案：C。
解析：本题考查文章主旨。本文主要讨论的是有环境问题而引发的伦理道德问题，因此D项泰国浅显，不符合题意;A项是最后一段提到的内容，并不足以概括整篇文章;B项我们对下一代的责任是第二段提到的，也不足以概括文章整体。因此，C项的环境道德问题，最符合题意，故本题答案为C。
116. 答案：D。
解析：本题考查事实细节。由题干定位到第一段 “Global warming may or may not be the great environmental crisis of the 21st century, but — regardless of whether it is or isn’t — we won’t do much about it.” 全球变短可能成为危机也可能不会变成危机，但不管是否会成为危机，我们都不会采取什么措施。A选项表达全球变暖根本不会成为危机，与句意不符;BC在第一段中没有涉及，D选项表达将不会采取什么措施来控制全球变暖，符合句意。故本题答案为D。
117.答案：C。
解析：本题考查推理判断。由A1 Gore定位置第二段 “A1 Gore calls global warming an ‘inconvenient truth’, as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution.” A1 Gore将全球变暖称之为“不方便的真相”，就像是仅仅承认它会使我们走上解决它的道路。通过此句话，我们可以推断出，作者对于此人观点的理解为全球变暖是可以被解决的。该句其后的内容为作者自己的观点，而不是对此人观点的理解。根据句意，C最符合。故本题答案为C。
118. 答案：A。
解析：本题考查事实细节。根据2025定位至 “With modest growth, energy use and greenhouse emissions more than double by 2050.” 通过适度的增长，温室排放量到2025年不止于翻倍。通过分析前文可知，这里的增长指的是经济增长，故本题答案为A。
119. 答案：B。
解析：本题考查事实细节。由Kyoto Protocol定位至 “It allowed countries that joined to punish those that didn’t. But it hasn’t reduced CO2 emissions (up about 25% since 1990), and many signatories(签字国)didn’t adopt tough enough policies to hit their 2008-2012 targets.” 它允许加入该议定书的国家惩罚不加入的国家。但是他并没有减少二氧化碳的排放量(自1990年上升了25%)，许多签署国也没有采取足够严格的措施来实现2008-2012的目标。通过分析，可知作者认为自签订以来，很少有国家能真正按照议定书来采取措施控制能源使用，较少二氧化碳排放量。故本题答案为B。
120. 答案：B。
解析：本题考查文章主旨。A表达相较于实际问题，全球变暖更是道德问题。“The trouble with the global warming debate is that it has become a moral problem when it’s really an engineering one.” 作者用了really来修饰实际问题，表明作者认为虽然现在已经是一个道德问题，但更多的还是一个实际问题;B表达全球变暖的终极解决办法有赖于新技术，这与倒数第二段提到的the only solution is new technology相符;C表达有关全球变暖的争议将会引发技术革命，与作者原意不符，D项表达为了组织全球变暖，人们必须放弃某些物质享受，文中并没有涉及。故本题答案为B。
